The Growing Paradox Between Decreasing Levels Of...

Satish Anapalli HADM 675- Organizational Govt. Policy HC Prof. Barett Berry Assignment 1 In United States the growing paradox between decreasing levels of population health comparative to other wealthy nations and some developing nations. USA is spending greatly on health insurance and medical care, large percentage (16%) of its GDP totaling to $1.9 trillion per year. In 20th century the leading causes for chronic disease are smoking, alcohol and immoderate eating. To recognize the risk factors of psychosocial and also environmental factors for health two mechanisms used these are Upstream and downstream. They have identified the promise and challenges in research and practice on health effects of social and economic policy. In this†¦show more content†¦Insurance also made third party to pay the physician fee instead of paying out-of-pocket by patient. All these lead to increase in usage of physician. Under Medicare and Medicaid the government has also announced many methods to control cost rise and also limited physician fee increases. The right amount should be based on economic efficiency and values for health expenditure. The resources should be directed to consumers. Government ought to arrange and store fundamentally for productive medicinal administrations. As there is no effectiveness in restorative part, there is an excess of spent on therapeutic administrations by people and sometimes there is excessively less spent on administrations. his results in more lessening in mortality for designated trusts. Yet, now the greater part of the Medicare and Medicaid projects are covering just matured individuals. Government, bosses, people and Mcos ought to perceive for enhancing wellbeing than striving for more expanded administrations. Doctors are vital and assumes real part in analysis and treatment. Contingent upon expense and installment to doctor, they recommend medication and tests which are redundant which makes him procure more. Doctor as a flawless operators will act as indicated by the patient wellbeing and financial status and recommends, while doctor as a defective specialists will

William James on Free Will - 1523 Words

Origins of William James / Jamesian Thinking William James, born 1842, was a trained physician who subsequently dabbled in works of philosophy and psychology (in which he officiated as a formal study through lectures) (Goodman, 2009). As did many philosophers, Jamesian thinking seeded many discussions on various philosophical topics such as metaphysics, morality, free will-determinism, religion and the afterlife; however, what truly made his ideas notable was his uncanny ability to borrow and integrate knowledge from branches of physiology, psychology and philosophy to weave new insights and dimensions onto traditional philosophical arguments (Goodman). His influential piece called The Principles of Psychology took these ideas together and†¦show more content†¦Chances (naturally existing and somewhat determined) do not primarily cause actions, as it is the choices (individual volitions) that one has decided which permit an action to occur (Doyle). All in all, the model assumed that free will is essentially â€Å"†¦chance in a present time of random alternatives, leading to a choice, which grants consent to one possibility and transforms an equivocal ambiguous future into an unalterable and simple past† (Doyle, 2010, p.7). As a closure to this and in light of how great philosophies leave with prominent questions in mind, James elaborated an example to his lecture attendees of a chance and choice alternative, which until today is considered one of the greatest arguments against libertarian free will (Doyle, 2010); Imagine that I first walk through Divinity Avenue, and then imagine that the powers governing the uni verse annihilate ten minutes of time with all that it contained, and set me back at the door of this hall just as I was before the choice was made. Imagine then that, everything else being the same, I now make a different choice and traverse Oxford Street. You, as passive spectators, look on and see the two alternative universes,-one of them with me walking through Divinity Avenue in it, the other with the same me walking through Oxford Street. Now, if you are determinists you believe one of these universes to have been from eternity impossible: you believe it to have been impossible becauseShow MoreRelatedWilliam James on Free Will1537 Words   |  7 PagesOrigins of William James / Jamesian Thinking William James, born 1842, was a trained physician who subsequently dabbled in works of philosophy and psychology (in which he officiated as a formal study through lectures) (Goodman, 2009). As did many philosophers, Jamesian thinking seeded many discussions on various philosophical topics such as metaphysics, morality, free will-determinism, religion and the afterlife; however, what truly made his ideas notable was his uncanny ability to borrow and integrateRead MoreBaron dHolbach and William James on Free Will and Determinism1192 Words   |  5 PagesBaron dHolbach and William James on Free Will and Determinism 3. Discuss the issue between Baron dHolbach and William James on free will and determinism? Before we can discuss the issue between Baron dHolbach and William James we have to know the definitions of the items the issue is about. 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His father, Henry James Sr. was aRead More William James Essay764 Words   |  4 Pages William James was a philosopher and psychologist but was most well known in the field of Psychology for developing the philosophy of pragmatism, or the Functionalist theory: Theory of mental life and behavior that is concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to function in its environment. He was also the first Psychologist to be born in America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William James was born on January 11, 1842 in New York City. His father, Henry James Sr. was a Swednborgian theologian, andRead MoreThe Separation Between Church And State1492 Words   |  6 Pagesexercise his or her free right of religion stands as rights both alienable, natural right, and unalienable, God-given right. As President Thomas Jefferson states in letters to the Baptist Association of Danbury, Connecticut, the federal government stands prohibited to regulate or control those who exercise religion. 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Quamina is also an important man as his mistreatment and coercionRead MoreAnalysis and Historical Context from Second Treatise of Civil Government by John Locke1152 Words   |  5 Pagesnot concentrated in the same person (the King) because he would be tempted, and in fact it was happening, to use them just to satisfy his desires. Locke also says that individuals are under no obligation to obey one another, and that we are all born free. He continues talking about how a man has the power to do whatever it takes to preserve himself and others, but always obeying the law of nature. People have the power to overthrow the king if he is not being just with his subjects; people have absoluteRead MoreThe Matrix, By Keanu Reeves1120 Words   |  5 Pagesideas and theories are explored, including the idea of Free Will versus Determinism. The movie’s main character â€Å"Neo† (Portrayed by Keanu Reeves) is labelled as â€Å"The One†, and is used as a catalyst to represent these philosophical ideas. The Oracle is used as a representation of Determinism, whilst Neo is used as a symbol for Free Will. These representations in turn relate to thefamous philosophical theories ofby philosophers including William James and Arthur Schopenhauer. In The Matrix, Thomas Anderson

Texts in Time Essay Orwell’s 1984 and the Matrix Free Essays

Texts in their Time essay A text is a mirror for the concerns of a time and place. Orwell’s â€Å"1984†and the Wachowski brother’s â€Å"Matrix† can be viewed as a mirror into the concerns of a time and place. â€Å"1984† depicts how a hierarchical world tyranny is set up, how it stays in power, how it treats people and what life is like living under such a system. We will write a custom essay sample on Texts in Time Essay Orwell’s 1984 and the Matrix or any similar topic only for you Order Now The â€Å"matrix† is also a representation of how the world as ‘we’ know it can be manipulated into the unknown or changed to suit the ideology of one higher power. The matrix is also seen as a situation that the majority of human kind cannot relate to; it is a scenario that is not only out of their control but a scenario that the average human cannot comprehend it goes beyond a control system that the average human brain cannot relate to. The matrix brings forward concepts that do not play to everyday life. Orwell vision of 1984 was shaped by his experiences though out his time as a volunteer in the Spanish civil war and upon returning to Britain post-war when the country was a place of shortages and rationing. Orwell struggled against fascism, but was intent on destroying its anarchist and Trotskyist allies. The defeat of fascism involved the success of and the emergence of the USSR as a great power. Orwell was deeply concerned about this fact. Orwell remained a believer in the fundamental goodness of the â€Å"common people†, the workers or â€Å"proles†. Due to Orwell’s personal circumstances, his fading life expectancy from tuberculosis may have influenced the bleak creation of the world that is â€Å"1984†. â€Å"1984† is a text which depicts the story of Winston smith who is a common man or a member of the outer party in the hierarchy of the ‘big brother’ system. The â€Å"1984† world is a totalitarian society where the party or big brother tries to control everything, including thought and emotion. Big brother is a dictator ship which controls every movement in society through constant surveillance and harsh penalties for noncompliance such as torcher or death. Big Brother is the face of the party; the party is the very dedicated dictator ship which has complete control over Oceania during the war with Eastasia and Eurasia. Big brothers slogans are repetitive and contradictory; WAR IS PEACE, FREEDOM IS SLAVERY and IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH. Newspeak is the official language of Oceania which had been created to meet the ideological needs of Ingsoc. Ingsoc created newspeak to eventually fade out free thought, with newspeak no man or woman could commit thought crime and no person would be able to attempt to break up the party that is big brother. All words are groupings in newspeak. All concepts of liberty and equality, for instance, are all contained in the single word of ‘crimethink’, while all words grouping themselves round the concepts of objectivity and rationalism were contained in the single word of ‘oldthink’. The Wachowski brother’s â€Å"Matrix† is a post-modern text which was filmed in 1999. The matrix is part of the I. T. revolution created to depict the perfect world. The matrix is about a computer hacker ‘Neo’ who is forced into the realisation of the matrix, the matrix was created to imprison you in the massive artificial intelligence system which has tapped into people’s minds and created the illusion of a real world, while using their brains and bodies for energy. Morpheus is convinced neo is the is â€Å"the one† who can destroy the matrix and bring his people to both physical and psychological freedom. The matrix can be described as a window into the reality of the spiritual world where as humans cannot understand yet we make assumptions about a higher power this can be linked with Orwell’s 1984 with the concept of ‘big brother’ with the matrix is described as an illusion of the physical world which can be controlled through the thought of neo as he is â€Å"the one†. In the matrix and Orwell’s 1984 the futures depicted are similar yet vastly different, the matrix depicts the future as a horrible emotionless place which has very little hope for humanity, whereas Orwell’s 1984 the future still has a bleak outline but through manipulation of the language the people have no idea how to realise that their future is bleak and or domed where as if the party was to diminish the people due to the fascist ways of big brother normal society would not be able to function as the big brother system had desterilised common knowledge of life without I higher power. To conclude I believe that Orwell’s 1984 and the Matrix have been a great comparative study. How to cite Texts in Time Essay Orwell’s 1984 and the Matrix, Essay examples

Marketing Management Ansoff Matrix

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Managementfor Ansoff Matrix. Answer: Introduction: Marketing strategies are rapidly changing now days. Nonprofit organization and commercial companies are also using marketing strategies now days for enhancing their market. Many theories are involved with marketing management like SWOT, BCG, product life cycle, GE matrix, Ansoff matrix, marketing mix etc. Marketing mix is one of the key elements of marketing management (Jain Haley, 2009). It is required to show that how all the elements of marketing mix affect the organizations development of tactics and marketing strategies. The organization of my choice is (Cravens Piercy, 2006). Marketing Mix Definition: Marketing mix is quite essential for every organization to understand the policies and internal and external environment. Basically, it is described as a set of tactics or actions a company uses for its brand promotion or product promotion in the market (Varadarajan, 2010). It is a business tool using by almost all the organizations existing in the market. It is often associated with 8 Ps of marketing mix- Product, price, promotion, distribution, partnership, people, process and physical evidence. Company Profile: McDonald is a firm of food and beverage industry that has an appeal globally. It is a food chain and has many outlets worldwide. It is enjoying the success since the time it has been entered into the market. McDonald entered into the Australian fast food industry in 1971 and from that time the organization is rapidly growing and currently it is the largest food chain in the Australia. The major competitor of the organization is heart tic and burger king. Still, the company is on the top with 50% market share. Organization is in maturity stage now and the pricing strategy used by organization is penetration. Marketing Mix of McDonald: Product: Product is a thing which is supplied by the company to its customers. Product can be tangible as well as intangible like car or a haircut. The main focus of decision is on functionality, branding and quality of product. Companies also focus on the other elements like packaging, support, safety, warranty, styling and other complementary services or accessories (Peter Donnelly, 2011). McDonald is providing food and beverage products mainly. The main product of the company is Burger. The packaging style, branding, taste etc of burger makes it competitive in the market. Many varieties of burger has been provided by the McDonald like: Classic Angus Aussie BBQ Angus Big Mac Cheeseburger Hamburger Southwest BLT Burger Spicy Jalapeno Grilled chicken burger Filet o fish Clubhouse Chicken It is mostly known for burgers. It is innovating its product continuously to attract more customers (McDonald, 2016). Company is taking care of Product life cycle of its burger and thats why it is introducing some innovation in its existing market to retain the customers and provide them the best quality product. So it is recommended to the company to make continuous improvement in the product to grab and attract more market share and customers. Price: A price of a product is the amount a company charge against its product or service. Determining the prices is quite complicated. As the price is just not set by the manufacturer instead it encompasses a set of decisions and research on price adjustment and price setting. Company can use different strategy for setting the price like skimming, penetration etc (Beracha Seiler, 2014). McDonald is using psychological pricing and price bundling strategy both for the burger. The pricing strategy of McDonalds burger is involving many prices bundling along with psychological pricing. In the strategy of price bundling, company offers its more tan 1productss in a discounted price. In the strategy of psychological pricing, McDonalds charges a price of burger which seems more affordable like $ .99. This pricing strategy of McDonald encourages its customer to buy more products (McDonald, 2016). So it is recommended to the company to implement competitive pricing strategy so that company can enhance the profitability of the product. Distribution: Distribution channels help the company to analyze that from where the customer can easily buy their product. The main decision of this element is to analyze that which distribution channel is good to distribute the products like direct selling, online store, retail store, and order through TV or phone. Another part of this strategy is to identify that how can the whole market be covered, how will the stock be managed in distribution centers, transportation and warehouses. The restaurants of are in the most well known places from where all the burgers are supplied or distributed. The main distribution places of this organization are as follows: Restaurant s mobile app Postmates app and websites Kiosks. Mostly all the restaurant of this food chain are established at the place from where company can generate more revenue. These restaurants also manage a kiosk to sell burgers in some events. Customers can also place their order through the mobile app or postmates websites. Moreover, the app of the organization offers special deals to its users. McDonald is using penetration strategy to attract the customer more (McDonald, 2016). It is also recommended to the company to focus on lower segment too. Promotion: This is the main element of marketing mix which is mostly used by all the companies. Promotion is known as different marketing communication styles including public relations, publicity, sales promotions and advertising (Payne, Galantine Christopher, 2005). This includes the overall promotion strategy like technology, marketing, consumer pull etc. company determine the best promotional strategy according to their budget and location. McDonald is using many kind of promotional strategy to attract more customers for its key product i.e. burger. Following tactics are using by McDonald to promote its business: Sales promotions Direct selling Public relations Advertising Advertisements of this organization are most notable. Company uses radio, TV, online media, print media etc for its advertisement and promotes the burger. It is using sales promotion tactic for drawing more customer to its doorstep. The public relation strategy of this organization also helps in promoting the business to the target market. Occasionally, this company uses direct selling for local government, community events, corporate or parties. In this element, the main approach for the organization to promote its business is advertising (McDonald, 2016). Company is using the best of promotional strategy. Company just need to focus on its competitive promotional strategy too. Partnership: This element of marketing mix describes that partners are important for the business and for expanding the business like a company can tie up with another company situated at different place to expand the market and grab the opportunities. Basically, government agencies work as partners. It maintains the good relationship and partnership with its supplier, stakeholders and government. Company recently enjoyed 10 years of the partnership with its partners. This helps the company to expand its business and grab the more market with competitive advantages and sustainability development (McDonald, 2016). Company must also deal with some small and famous companies to grab the other countrys market too. People: People play a vital role in marketing mix. People include all the back office, front line, customer service staff and other people of company who have a link or contact with clients. The main part of this element is to train the staff well so that they can provide the best services to customers (Lovelock Wirtz, 2010). This helps an organization to develop the strong customer oriented culture. McDonald is having a large number of people as employees, management staff, consumers etc. It is using the best tactics and strategies to retain them, make the loyal etc. The culture of McDonald is impressive as employee set over there very easily and adopts the culture rapidly. Customer services of McDonald are quite competitive as employees are provided training for it (McDonald, 2016). Company is suggested to use the best of trainings for its employees as the goodwill of the company totally depends upon them. Process: It is the method through which services are provided to customers. It is particularly important for the service industry. This is used by the company to provide a comparable service in the industry. So that company can ensure its client about the quality of its services (Kumar Phrommathed, 2005). Manufacturing process and channels of distribution of McDonald is impressive as it focuses on hygiene while manufacturing its product and the warehouses and transport of McDonald is built according to its product. So the product can reach to its customer without any harm. Fresh product availability is a main focus of McDonald (McDonald, 2016). Process of the company is quite fair. It is just needed to make it more transparent. Physical Evidence: It is another essential element of marketing mix and service industry. Services can not have any tangible outcome. Once they delivered, client cannot change them like product. So a service providing company needs to provide some physical evidence to clients to make sure them about the quality of service (Wilson, Zeithaml, Bitner Gremler, 2012). For the physical evidence of McDonald its logo is enough. People can perceive about it by its logo. Through the logo they can easily identify that this product is belonging to the McDonald and the taste of its products are just amazing that not any other company in food and beverage industry is providing the same taste (McDonald, 2016). Company needed to carry this strategy for long period. Evaluation: Marketing strategies: For expanding the market and increase the customer level, McDonald is implementing many strategies. Some of them are as follows: On Every hand Everywhere: It is the market leader in fast food industry at Australia. Their sales person plays a key role in success. They conduct many surveys on regular basis to understand the requirement and choice of consumer. McDonald is providing its burger not only in big malls but in small area also, so that every consumer can easily buy and have the burgers of McDonald (Elliot Larry, 2011). Growing up with Emerging Markets: A companys revenue grows up with emerging market. Company modifies its burger continuously to fulfill the requirement of customers of all the segments. This strategy helps the McDonald to achieve the growth of 20% from last 3 years (Kotler Keller, 2009). Growing with the Market: Attract and grab the consumer worldwide is the main aim of McDonald. For this, it has created a great range of burger at a reasonable and affordable price. McDonald also introduced a range of Vegan and non vegan burger. (Laforet Saunders, 2005). Affordable Luxury: McDonald launched various burger for increase its presence in market. This strategy is adopted by McDonald for grabbing the middle level class also as company is providing the burger in affordable price. Hence, people can afford it and it helps the company to increase its turnover (Laforet Saunders, 2005). Competition: The main competitor of McDonald in fast food industry is heart tic and burger king. In the case competitor of McDonalds burger, there is mainly burger kings burger. The market share of this company is still expanding. It has launched many innovative product lines of beverage and meal to enhance its market and capture more people (Chaffey, Ellis-Chadwick, Mayer Johnston, 2009). Company has launched various burgers to attract more customers and provide new taste to existing loyal customers. It is continuously launching new products to beat the strategy of its existing competitors and grab the market more. The main competitive advantage f this company is its international existence as people from worldwide like the taste of its burger. Contemporary Issues: McDonald is facing many contemporary issues in reference with society, technology, media, environment etc. These all factors are affecting the McDonald marketing strategy too as it negatively impact on the customer and thus customer dont buy the products of McDonald (McDonald Wilson, 2011). Society is affecting the McDonald and its strategy badly as many families, religions, ethnicity dont allow the person to buy the food from outside and have junk foods. The physical status, economical status, education, children, life partner etc of a person also impacts on the McDonald. McDonald is using old technologies for marketing its product. McDonald is still using the old school tactics for it which is not as much powerful as much it would be earlier. The environment plays a crucial role as the environment and the surrounding of a person decides that he will buy the products from McDonald outlet or not. Media too affect the marketing of McDonald as sometimes the bad news and bad publicity damages the image of store worldwide. Thus all of these factors are affecting and making the issues for McDonald and because of it, the company has to face many problems. Company must plan and implement its strategy while keeping all these factors in the mind. Recommendations: It is recommended to the McDonald that company must work more on its pricing strategy. So that, company can make a control on its prices and can step into the market with competitive price and can enhance the profitability ratio also (Goi, 2009). It is also recommended to the company to focus on its marketing mix. Price of its burger must be competitive so that it can easily grab the market. It must launch new products in the market with new specification as well as modify the existing products according to the customer demand and market requirement (Kazemi Esmaeili, 2010). Company must use the best strategy for its promotions and chose the promotion technique according to the geographical location, so that it could aware people about its new products as well as existing products (Laforet Saunders, 2007). Distribution technique of McDonald is quite competitive still there are some lose points which should be modified by the company to enhance the channels. The company must also focus on the external factors like environment, social and psychological factors, media etc as all of these impacts negatively on the organization sometimes (Madhavaram, Badrinarayanan McDonald, 2005). Company must plan its strategy while keeping all these factors in mind so that company needs not to face any issue in near future. It has great partners which help the organization in expanding as well as grabbing the market. Company need to enhance the relationship more with partners to retain them. People at McDonald must be trained well according to their department and job profile, so they can work with full of their efficiency and effectively (Patwardhan, Flora Gupta, 2010). Process of McDonald from buying the raw material to sell the products to the end consumer must be transparent, so that consumer can build their trust in the organization (McDonald Oates, 2006). Physical evidence is mostly related with service industry; still McDonald must aware and ensure its customer that they are providing the same product, they have said. Marketing strategy of McDonald is quite competitive as it analyzes the market and competitors before planning its strategy and make strategy according to that. But the company must make a strategy for sustainability also as the competitor of the company are focusing more on sustainability and thus they are attracting more customer towards them as people became more aware about the environment and society (Sharma Narwal, 2006). Conclusion: After doing the case study on McDonalds burger and going through many books, articles etc it can be concluded that McDonalds burger is doing very well in the market. It has established its name very well in the fast food industry worldwide and it is having a great amount of market share of its different products lines specially the burger. It must focus on new strategy for enhancing its market more and must focus on the sustainability for attracting the more customers. It has to invest in innovation in technology and factor productivity instead of spending a great amount on advertising and marketing its products like burger is already a market leader. It must also make some strategies to pull and attract the old consumer towards it. References: Beracha, E., Seiler, M. J. (2014). The effect of listing price strategy on transaction selling prices.The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics,49(2), 237-255. Cravens, D. W., Piercy, N. (2006).Strategic marketing(Vol. 7). New York: McGraw-Hill. Elliot, R Larry P (2011), Strategic Brand Management, Oxford University press, Oxford. Jain, S. C., Haley, G. T. (2009).Marketing planning and strategy. Cincinnati South-Western Publishing Company 1985. Kazemi, F., Esmaeili, M. (2010). The Role of Media on Consumer Brand Choice A Case Study of fast food Industry.International Journal of Business and Management,5(9), 147. Kotler, P keller, K (2009). Marketing Management, Pearson, Singapore. Kumar, S., Phrommathed, P. (2005).Research methodology(pp. 43-50). Springer US. Laforet, S., Saunders, J. (2005). Managing brand portfolios: How strategies have changed.Journal of Advertising Research,45(03), 314-327. Laforet, S., Saunders, J. (2005). Managing brand portfolios: How strategies have changed.Journal of Advertising Research,45(03), 314-327. Laforet, S., Saunders, J. (2007). How brand portfolios have changed: a study of grocery suppliers brands from 1994 to 2004.Journal of Marketing Management,23(1-2), 39-58. Lovelock, C., Wirtz, J. (2010). Services marketing: People, technology, strategy.Journal. Payne, A., Ballantyne, D., Christopher, M. (2005). A stakeholder approach to relationship marketing strategy: The development and use of the six markets model.European Journal of Marketing,39(7/8), 855-871. Peter, J. P., Donnelly, J. H. (2011). Marketing management: knowledge and skills: text, analysis, cases, plans. Sharma, T., Narwal, M. (2006). Managing business crises: the CSR perspective.Social Responsibility Journal,2(2), 124-130. Varadarajan, R. (2010). Strategic marketing and marketing strategy: domain, definition, fundamental issues and foundational premises.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,38(2), 119-140. Wilson, A., Zeithaml, V. A., Bitner, M. J., Gremler, D. D. (2012).Services marketing: Integrating customer focus across the firm. McGraw Hill. Dominici, G. (2009). From marketing mix to e-marketing mix: a literature overview and classification.International Journal of Business and Management,4(9), 17-24. Goi, C. L. (2009). A review of marketing mix: 4Ps or more?International Journal of Marketing Studies,1(1), 2. Rahmani, K., Emamisaleh, K., Yadegari, R. (2015). Quality Function Deployment and New Product Development with a focus on Marketing Mix 4P model.Asian Journal of Research in Marketing,4(2), 98-108. McDonald. (2016). Home. Retrieved on 7th Jan 2016 at https://s.com.au/. McDonald, M., Wilson, H. (2011).Marketing plans: How to prepare them, how to use them. John Wiley Sons. Madhavaram, S., Badrinarayanan, V., McDonald, R. E. (2005). Integrated marketing communication (IMC) and brand identity as critical components of brand equity strategy: A conceptual framework and research propositions.Journal of Advertising,34(4), 69-80. Chaffey, D., Ellis-Chadwick, F., Mayer, R., Johnston, K. (2009).Internet marketing: strategy, implementation and practice. Pearson Education. McDonald, S., Oates, C. J. (2006). Sustainability: Consumer perceptions and marketing strategies.Business Strategy and the Environment,15(3), 157-170.

Thinking About Bill, Dead of Aids by Miller Williams free essay sample

â€Å"Thinking about Bill, Dead of AIDS,† by Miller Williams is a poem written as an elegy to Bill, and all other victims of the AIDS epidemic. In this poem the narrator is speaking about his friend dying of AIDS. Instead of speaking of just his emotions towards his friend dying, the narrator uses words such as â€Å"we† and â€Å"us,† speaking of many people feeling sorrow. Millers poem personifies the national mood in the form of a poem about, and more appropriately to, Bill, a presumed friend who has died of AIDS. In this poem Mr. Miller addresses straight on the ignorance people had about the cause and effect of the AIDS disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Thinking About Bill, Dead of Aids by Miller Williams or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It discusses the emotions of trying to overcome ones fear of the likelihood of being infected by interacting with the diseased and to be with them in their painful times. It addresses the difficulties in doing this due to the fact that our society has made it impossible to understand the suffering and pain that Bill is enduring by painting an ignorant picture of the AIDS disease. The poem is set on the time presumably in the 1980s when little was known about the virus which caused AIDS. All that truly known was AIDS was deadly and there was no cure. As such, people who were infected with the disease were often treated with hatred and outcast from the society. The unfortunate result was many of these people died alone and in poverty, the opposite of how society typically treats its sick and dying. This poem highlights the questions and fears that dominated society during this time of the AIDS era.

Free Essays on Choking The Chicks

were probably never meant to leave the concert hall, â€Å"there is no containing a controversial comment once it hits the internet and talk radio.† (http://stacks.msnbc.com/news/952348.asp?0sl=-12&cp1=1#BODY ) Maines’ comment was quickly followed by an onslaught of criticism and the removal of the top band’s songs from radio play lists. One of the freedoms I value as an American is that of free speech. With this my mind raises the following question: Are we no longer allowed to voice our opinions of how we truly feel about our government? This is not to say that Natalie’s comments were appropriate in that setting, but none-the-less many would say that her opinion should be respected. What is happening to America, if we cannot exercise our civil liberties and speak out when we disagree with our government? In my view, not the media’s, I believe this is what is happening. Many have stood out and said they will not support the Dixie Chicks anymore. That is not stifling their freedoms. That is a freedom, a freedom that many do not seem to understand. If I choose not to buy their music, watch concerts, or agree with them, I am somehow made out to be taking away their rights. On that note, Should radio stations be able to blacklist artists that liberally speak views that counter public opinion? The Constitution of the United States clearly declares that â€Å"Congress shall make no law ... abridging the freedom of speech†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It does not impose any obligations on radio stations as they are not government entities. It is not constitutionally guaranteed for artists to have their music played on the radio. We are also granted the freedom of expres... Free Essays on Choking The Chicks Free Essays on Choking The Chicks Choking The Chicks â€Å"Just so you know, we’re ashamed the president of the United States is from Texas† It was these fifteen words spoken by Dixie Chicks’ singer Natalie Maines that rekindled the controversy of our Constitution’s first amendment. Although these words were probably never meant to leave the concert hall, â€Å"there is no containing a controversial comment once it hits the internet and talk radio.† (http://stacks.msnbc.com/news/952348.asp?0sl=-12&cp1=1#BODY ) Maines’ comment was quickly followed by an onslaught of criticism and the removal of the top band’s songs from radio play lists. One of the freedoms I value as an American is that of free speech. With this my mind raises the following question: Are we no longer allowed to voice our opinions of how we truly feel about our government? This is not to say that Natalie’s comments were appropriate in that setting, but none-the-less many would say that her opinion should be respected. What is happening to America, if we cannot exercise our civil liberties and speak out when we disagree with our government? In my view, not the media’s, I believe this is what is happening. Many have stood out and said they will not support the Dixie Chicks anymore. That is not stifling their freedoms. That is a freedom, a freedom that many do not seem to understand. If I choose not to buy their music, watch concerts, or agree with them, I am somehow made out to be taking away their rights. On that note, Should radio stations be able to blacklist artists that liberally speak views that counter public opinion? The Constitution of the United States clearly declares that â€Å"Congress shall make no law ... abridging the freedom of speech†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It does not impose any obligations on radio stations as they are not government entities. It is not constitutionally guaranteed for artists to have their music played on the radio. We are also granted the freedom of expres...

Organizations and Terms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizations and Terms - Essay Example In this case, I shall examine the group known as the Al Shabaab militia. Al-Shabaab`s headquarters is situated in the coastal city of Kismayo, Somalia with several bases of operations in southern Somalia, Kenya, and Uganda. Al-Shabaab got designated a terrorist organization by the Federal Bureau of Investigations after the bombing of the World Trade Center by Al-Qaeda (Kelley 36). The name Al-Shabaab means ’’youth’’ in Arabic. Al-Shabaab. Other names used to refer to it include, Ash-Shabaab or Hizbul Shabaab, which means a party of the youth. It belongs to a much larger group known as HSM that stands for â€Å"Harakat Al-Shabaab Al-Mujahidden.† Al-Shabaab originated from a faction that broke off from the Islamic Courts Union, following its defeat in 2006 by the joint forces of the Somali transitional government and their Ethiopian allies. The federal bureau of investigations had listed Somalia as failed state for almost twenty years due to the lack of peace due to the civil war. In 2001, the Federal Bureau of Investigations officially recognized Al-Shabaab as a terrorist organization they attacked the United State`s embassies in Kenya and Tanzania. Prior to these attacks, their fellow brothers in arms the Al -Qaeda had bombed the World Trade Center in September 2001. This was in retaliation for the United States had invaded the Middle East to quell the Taliban insurgency. Since Al-Shabaab is closest to both countries, carrying out these simultaneous attacks was rather easy. The Federal Bureau of Investigations states that for an organization to be classified as a terrorist organization, it must have crossed a few thresholds. Such as having weapons of mass destruction, have a few thousand followers, and it has to be well connected. Al-Shabaab also has ties with most of the other terrorist organizations all over the world. For

God In The Jewish Tradition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

God In The Jewish Tradition - Essay Example Clearly, the meaning of God is one that is uniquely personal to each and every person. Only the individual can decide what God means to them which is based to a great degree on the individual's values and personal beliefs. The role that God plays in that individual's life and religion will be strongly based on these subjective assessments, but it will also be strongly influenced by the teachings of the synagogue, the rabbi, and the traditions that the individual experienced as they grew. In many tales of the Jewish faith, it was God who helped keep the Israelites alive throughout all their various persecutions through history, creating a type of human-like heroic identity. It was God who led them out of Israel and slavery and it was God who spoke to them through burning bushes and from mountaintops while they wandered in the desert, giving them help and direction. Mordecai Kaplan, known as the father of Reconstructionism, who pushed this type of identification of God. In his writings , he said that God chose the Jews and determined to help them with their success (Kaplan, 1937). However, Kaplan was not necessarily suggesting that God was a personality. Instead, he was attempting to say that God was something greater than this. He said, â€Å"God is neither a being nor a philosophical abstraction. God is a creative force in the universe. He was an inspiration for the Jews and the voice that gave with both hands" (1937). Even here, though, God seems to be a greater than normal personality.

Business decision making Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Business decision making - Assignment Example During the research, the researcher primarily focussed upon factors that influence the purchase of consumer drinks such as, consumer profile, preference and attitude. In market research, especially in retail industry, the role of primary data is very crucial. Given the scenario, the data will be useful for determining the product’s potential market and support validity and reliability of the research report. The questionnaire in this research will have close-ended questions so that data can be generated from participants without any hassle. Furthermore, a close-ended questionnaire will minimise ambiguity and confusion on the part of participants as well as researcher. In addition to questionnaire survey, the researcher will also observe the participants through face-to-face interview. The interview will be semi-formal in nature, where the researcher will ask relevant questions in order to support data generated through questionnaire. The sole reason for selecting interview method along with questionnaire survey is to access consumers’ behaviour and attitude, which are generally not expressed verbally (Scandura and Williams, 2000). The questionnaire and interview methods are quite helpful for in-depth study and wide coverage. However, the methods can often prove time consuming and costly under certain circumstances. Personal interview involve direct interaction between participants and researcher, which may increase scope of personal biasness in the research process (Patton, 2005). A sampling technique forms the foundation of data collection method. There are mainly two kinds of sampling techniques; probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Keeping in view the project requirements, the researcher will implement probability sampling method such as, simple random sampling. Under simple random sampling, the researcher will select participants randomly so as to develop a rational

Webers View on Modern Society

Webers View on Modern Society Discuss the Characteristics of Modern Society According to Weber Introduction What is known as classical sociology is found in the work of Comte, Durkheim, Marx and Weber. Weber and the other classicists attempted to explain the origins of modern industrial society and the elements that worked both for and against it. Like Comte and Durkheim Weber believed that scientific and technological advances would do away with humanity’s need of religion. Old ideas of magic would disappear and the world would become ‘disenchanted’ and society would become increasingly rational. Beginning with the distinction between rationality and rationalisation, his paper will discuss the characteristics of modern society according to Weber. Rationality and Rationalisation Rationality, in Weber’s thought refers to social actions being the result of a rational process of the calculation of the means and ends of actions. Rationalisation on the other hand refers to an overall historical process whereby scientific knowledge and rational action come to dominate social reality (Morrison, 1995).[1] Modern Society and Conflict Weber is noted for his historical grasp of the political, legal, economic, and religious development of modern western societies (Morrison, 1995).[2] He was concerned interested in issues of power and conflict in society, the different interest groups in society implied that state institutions were necessary if order was to be maintained. As legislation increased, however, the administration would be less effective. He rejected Marx’s materialist view of history and did not agree with Marx on the importance of class conflict. In Weber’s view class was just one type of inequality among many others (Giddens, 2001).[3] Sociology, Weber believed, should concentrate more on social action and less on social structure. It was his contention that Marx had laid too much stress on economics. Capitalism was only one factor in the shaping of modern societies, Weber held that culture and politics deserved equal consideration. The inter-connectedness of social spheres, Weber believed , was a key factor for understanding the development of modern society (Marsh, 2000). According to Turner (1999) humanity’s place in modern society was problematic for Weber because he believed that human beings were alienated from themselves and the world in which they lived. Weber did not believe, as did Durkheim and Marx, that structures had an independent existence from individuals. Rather he maintained that structures were a result of a complex interplay of human action. Thus Weber argued that social change came about as the result of human motivation and ideas, and that these were powerful agents of the transformation of societies (Giddens, 2001).Although Weber was an atheist he believed that religion influenced people’s ideas and practices and that this had an effect in the world. Weber did not believe, as did Marx, that capitalism came about as a result of greed. Nor did he agree with Marx that it was the result of class conflict, rather it was due to an emphasis on science and the bureaucracy of large organisations. Weber argued that Protestants regarded earning a living as a sacred duty and financial success as a sign of God’s grace. It was this belief, Weber said that led to self-control and regulation, thus Protestantism contribut ed to the rationalisation of everyday life (Hughes, Martin and Sharrock, 1995). For Weber, a major facet of the development of modern societies was the rationalisation of production. Rationalisation The concept of rationalisation, according to Weber (1967) was endemic to modern society, and it was to be found in all large organisations. Such organisations are tightly regulated and predictability and impersonality are their defining characteristics. The members of large organisations can become dehumanised, because with in it, social relations are defined purely in functional terms. Bureaucracy grew out of the increasing rationalisation, which, in modern society, affected all areas of life. As society continued in its rational progression then this would become evident in its social institutions which would, in turn, become more formal. This process would also lead to a decrease in people’s reliance on traditional beliefs, and an increase in the making of rational decisions that had a direct purpose.(Hughes, Martin and Sharrock, 1995). Weber believed that religion predisposed people to order their lives in terms of rational action and this meant that they earned more than they needed. Turner (1999) maintains that: This striving for world mastery did not lead however to a satisfaction with the meaningfulness of everyday life, but rather resulted in a continuing disenchantment with reality which drove out moral significance from everyday life (Turner, 1999:9). Religious and moral disenchantment, Weber contended, would be the end result of increasing bureaucratisation and the rationalisation of social relations. He termed the increasing rationalisation and bureaucratisation of western society as an ‘iron cage’ (Turner, 1999). The impact of western society on the rest of the world was due to its command of industrial resources and its superior military power (Giddens, 2001). Modern societies, in Weber’s view, were especially characterised by what he termed the development of rational/legal authority. Authority in Modern Society Weber believed that authority was invested in the state, the source of the nation state, he maintained was the pre-capitalist conflicts between absolutist rulers. Weber favoured capitalist democracies rather than socialism and believed that in order to maintain a balance in the amount of authority the state had, it was necessary to have a strong private sector. He also believed that increasing rationalisation and bureaucratisation would have a deleterious effect on democracy. Authority, he maintained was in the hands of certain types of individuals and thus he developed a theory of ideal types as a means of understanding the world. These should be seen as a reference point rather than having an existence in the real world (Giddens, 2001). Thus the type of society identified by Weber as modern society is identified most especially by the development of rationalisation and bureaucratisation. The ideal type is used to form an ideal picture of a shift occurring in society by reason of ce rtain historical factors (Weber, quoted in Brown, 1995 p. 271). Weber used the notion of ideal types to develop an understanding of the kinds of activities that can be assigned as features of empirical reality. Conclusion Weber’s work has been influential in sociology’s understanding of the defining features of modern society. Weber’s thinking on rationalisation and bureaucratisation have been a useful analytic tool for those attempting to understand modern societies. However, he has been criticised for being too determininistic. The rise of science, for example, has not completely taken over from religious belief as Weber predicted it would and his notion of bureaucratic organisations as iron cages neglects the fact the very often people will use bureaucracies to stem the tide of certain rules and regulations rather than be totally constricted within the organisation. Nevertheless Weber’s analysis continues to be a useful and fascinating analysis of the development of modern industrial societies. In addition to this his work on human choice and action were pivotal to the development symbolic interactionism and interpretative social research. Bibliography Brown, K 1995. Marx, Durkheim, Weber Formations of Modern Social Thought London, Sage. Giddens, A. 2001. Sociology. Cambridge, Polity Press. Hamilton, M 1995 Sociology of Religion London, Routledge Hughes, J. Martin, P. and Sharrock, W. 1995 Understanding Classical Sociology: Marx, Weber, Durkheim. Sage, London Turner, B. 1999. Classical Sociology. Sage.London Walsh, I ed. 2000 Sociology: Making Sense of Society. Edinburgh, Prentice Hall. Weber, M 1967 â€Å"The Social Psychology of World Religions† in Gerth, H and Wright-Mills , C. 1967 eds From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology New York, Oxford University Press pp.267-301 1 Footnotes [1] See Morrison page 220 [2] See Morrison page 213 [3] See Giddens page 673

All Quiet on the Western Front :: essays research papers fc

Compare ‘Gallipoli’ and ‘All Quiet on the Western Front’ in terms of the:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Boys’ attitude to war  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reasons for enlistment  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Experiences on the front How do these change their attitude to war? What does this tell you about the similarities and differences the Australian’s and German’s experiences? Analysis of Major Characters Paul Bà ¤umer As the novel’s narrator and protagonist, Paul is the central figure in All Quiet on the Western Front and serves as the mouthpiece for Remarque’s meditations about war. Throughout the novel, Paul’s inner personality is contrasted with the way the war forces him to act and feel. His memories of the time before the war show that he was once a very different man from the despairing soldier who now narrates the novel. Paul is a compassionate and sensitive young man; before the war, he loved his family and wrote poetry. Because of the horror of the war and the anxiety it induces, Paul, like other soldiers, learns to disconnect his mind from his feelings, keeping his emotions at bay in order to preserve his sanity and survive. As a result, the compassionate young man becomes unable to mourn his dead comrades, unable to feel at home among his family, unable to express his feelings about the war or even talk about his experiences, unable to remember the past fully, and unable to conceive of a future without war. He also becomes a â€Å"human animal,† capable of relying on animal instinct to kill and survive in battle. But because Paul is extremely sensitive, he is somewhat less able than many of the other soldiers to detach himself completely from his feelings, and there are several moments in the book (Kemmerich’s death, Kat’s death, the time that he spends with his ill mother) when he feels himself pulled down by emotion. These surging feelings indicate the extent to which war has programmed Paul to cut himself off from feeling, as when he says, with devastating understatement, â€Å"Parting from my friend Albert Kropp was very hard. But a man gets used to that sort of thing in the ar my.† Paul’s experience is intended to represent the experience of a whole generation of men, the so-called lost generation—men who went straight from childhood to fighting in World War I, often as adolescents. Paul frequently considers the past and the future from the perspective of his entire generation, noting that, when the war ends, he and his friends will not know what to do, as they have learned to be adults only while fighting the war.

Mountain Man Brewing Company Case Analysis

Mountain Man Brewing Company does not want to go another year with revenue lost from Mountain Man Lager. By adding a light beer to the product line it could gain loyalty from a younger crowd and attract more then just the workingman. At the same time he does not want to lose the brand equality that has taken years to create. He is also faced with solid monopolies in the beer world that make it hard to keep up. Chris is faced with a hard decision, will taking a chance and changing the image really be the right move for Mountain Man. By introducing a new product line called Mountain Man Light the company would be able to reach a broader audience. They would no longer focus on the workingman, they would appeal to a younger generation of beer drinkers. They would also be able to gain a woman base, women being extremely heath cautious would be more likely to purchase the beer if it came to a â€Å"light† version with fewer calories. By launching a Mountain Man Light it would also play down most peoples perception of the Mountain Man Original being too strong and only a manly mans beer. Mountain Man Brewing Company is a beer for the workingman. It has been around since 1925 and has gained strong loyalty from the baby boomer generation. Mountain Man has strong brand awareness down south and if you asked anyone over the 21 they are more then likely able to recognize the name even if they do not drink it themselves. The brand has been able to stay in the game with strong competitors such as, Anheuser Bush, Miller, and Adolf Coors. The uniqueness of the taste along with the higher then average alcohol content is what makes its loyal customers coming back for more. One alternative to look at for the Mountain Man Brewing Company is to look and see how hard it would be to distribute it into restraints and local bars with the option to have it available on draft. By putting extra money into re-promoting the same recipe it would be a lot less costly. By offering specials at local bars such as dollar Mountain Man’s on Tuesday nights would introduce the beer to a younger generation. Since the younger generation is the one to target because they do not have a beer preference yet this is a way that could get them hooked and at the same time make them proud to share a six pack that both the young 21 year old and his 55-year-old dad would both enjoy by keeping the tradition of Mountain Man beer alive. Other alternatives could be to go with the Mountain Man Light and don’t play it safe what so ever. If you're going to be successful, your products must be different. Mountain Man should use loud colors to attract people attention, along with changing up the shape of your average beer bottle. Other ways to not play it safe while promoting Mountain Man Light could be to use non-traditional shelving system. Instead of taking valuable shelving space away from Mountain Man place 6 or 12 packs in the middle of isles in a pyramid shape, that way people do not associate the two as much. My recommendation to the Mountain Man Brewing Company would be to keep the product just how it is and not introduce a Mountain Man Light. If a brand is able to last generation after generation there is a reason for this. Strong brand awareness is hard to come by with so many new beer products appearing on the shelves each times you walk into any convenience store. The recognizable taste and working man persona is what kept them in the game year after year. If the company wants to boost revenue and assure they last in the future I would look into prompting at local bars and giving the younger crowd a chance to try the beer and even change their old perception about it. West Virginia’s beer should stay as just that and keep the tradition alive.

Intro Logic and Academic Writing Essay

Intro Logic and Academic Writing Essay Intro: Logic and Academic Writing Essay INTRODUCTION SUMMARY: The introduction of â€Å"They Say, I Say† discusses Entering the Conversation Often without consciously realizing it, accomplished writers rely on a stock of established moves that are crucial for communicating sophisticated ideas. This inventory of basic moves is probably picked up by reading a wide range of other accomplished writers. Less experienced writers, by contrast, are often unfamiliar with these basic moves, and unsure how to make them in their own writing. These basic moves are so common that they can be represented in templates that you can use right away to structure and even generate your own writing. It is true, of course, that critical thinking and writing go deeper than any set of linguistic formulas, requiring that you question assumptions, develop strong claims, offer supporting reasons and evidence, consider opposing arguments, and so on. But these deeper habits of thought cannot be put into practice unless you have a language for expressing them in clear, organized ways. STATE YOUR OWN IDEAS AS A RESPONSE TO OTHERS It is important not only to express your ideas (â€Å"I say†), but to present those ideas as a response to some other person or group ("they say"). The underlying structure of effective academic writing is not just in stating our own ideas, but in listening closely to others around us, summarizing their views in a way that they will recognize, and responding with our own ideas in kind. Broadly speaking, academic writing is argumentative writing, and we believe that to argue well you need to do more than assert your own ideas. You need to enter a conversati on, using what others say (or might say) as a launching pad or sounding board for your own ideas. For this reason, you need to write the voices of others into your text. The best academic writing has one underlying feature: it is deeply engaged in some way with other people’s views. Too often, however, academic writing is taught as a process of saying â€Å"true† or â€Å"smart† things in a vacuum, as if it were possible to argue

Edgar Allen Poes Anabelle Lee

Edgar Allen Poes Anabelle Lee Edgar Allen Poe's poem "Annabel Lee" represents the unfortunate demise of Annabel Lee. The poem begins by introducing, Annabel Lee and how someone feels about her. "That a maiden there lived whom you may know by the name of Annabel Lee; and this maiden she lived with no other thought than to love and be loved by me" (5). This stanza exemplifies how this person feels about Annabel Lee. According to this verse. Annabel Lee is the love of his life, and nothing else matters to him.Unfortunately, he is not the only one in love with Annabel Lee, "With a love that the winged seraphs in Heaven coveted her and me" (10). This specific stanza is a representation on how the Winged Seraphs (Angels) in heaven also desire the Annabel Lee. The angels desire for the lovely Annabel Lee is a maxim, which signifies that the death is imminent, and that the lord and the male relatives in her family request her presence in heaven.English: The cover of the January, 1850 Sartain's ..."And this was the reason that, long ago, in this kingdom by the sea, a wind blew out of a cloud, chilling my beautiful Annabel Lee; so that her high-born kinsmen came and bore her away from me, to shut her up in a sepulchre, in this kingdom by the sea" (20). Annabel Lee has passed away, the wind represents the sprits, taken her away to the place where she is put to eternal rest, which in this case is, a kingdom by the see.Overwhelmed with love for the lovely Annabel Lee, regardless how the spirits and demons view him he remains faithful to her, and expresses his love for Annabel. "And neither the angels in Heaven above, nor the demons down under...

Public International law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Public International law - Essay Example With the approval of the majority of the Assembly, the Council may name additional Members of the League whose Representatives shall always be members of the Council; the Council, with like approval may increase the number of Members of the League to be selected by the Assembly for representation on the Council. Any Member of the League not represented on the Council shall be invited to send a Representative to sit as a member at any meeting of the Council during the consideration of matters specially affecting the interests of that Member of the League.Article 5 All matters of procedure at meetings of the Assembly or of the Council, including the appointment of Committees to investigate particular matters, shall be regulated by the Assembly or by the Council and may be decided by a majority of the Members of the League represented at the meeting. Article 6 The permanent Secretariat shall be established at the Seat of the League. The Secretariat shall comprise a Secretary General and such secretaries and staff as may be required. Secretary General shall be appointed by the Council with the approval of the majority of the Assembly. The secretaries and staff of the Secretariat shall be appointed by the Secretary General with the approval of the Council. ... Secretary General shall be appointed by the Council with the approval of the majority of the Assembly. The secretaries and staff of the Secretariat shall be appointed by the Secretary General with the approval of the Council. The Secretary General shall act in that capacity at all meetings of the Assembly and of the Council. Article 7 The Seat of the League is established at Geneva, Switzerland. Representatives of the Members of the League and officials of the League when engaged on the business of the League shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities. The buildings and other property occupied by the League or its officials or by Representatives attending its meetings shall be inviolable. ART 3 to 6 Charter of United Nations on MEMBERSHIP requirements have almost the same requirements. PEACE AND ORDER (Art 8 - 17) Article 8. The Members of the League recognises that the maintenance of peace requires the reduction of national armaments to the lowest point consistent with national safety and the enforcement by common action of international obligations. The Council, taking account of the geographical situation and circumstances of each State, shall formulate plans for such reduction for the consideration and action of the several Governments. Such plans shall be subject to reconsideration and revision at least every ten years. After these plans shall have been adopted by the several Governments, the limits of armaments therein fixed shall not be exceeded without the concurrence of the Council. A permanent Commission shall be constituted to advise the Council on the execution of the provisions of Articles 1 and 8 and on military, naval and air questions generally. Article 10 The Members of the League

Duchamp, Segal, Rauschenberg, Warhol, Oldenburg, Lichtenstein Assignment

Duchamp, Segal, Rauschenberg, Warhol, Oldenburg, Lichtenstein - Assignment Example The paper "Duchamp, Segal, Rauschenberg, Warhol, Oldenburg, Lichtenstein" discovers the famous artists of the 20th century. Marcel Duchamp and was interested to put art back to the service of the mind. He distanced himself from the traditional artistic methods and paintings, relying on seducing the view through irony and verbal witticism instead of relying on the aesthetical appeal as other artists did. George Segal was a Jewish. He is known for â€Å"Pop Art† movement. His technique was however different form pop art due to closely relating his work to human values and personal experiences. He chose to deal with places that were familiar to him, rather than the elegant topics. His artistic work led to creation of close up drawings of human expressions and was known for his humanistic passion. Robert Rauschenberg was an American born in Texas and studied pharmacology. His unique artistic style involved the use of newspapers to make long silk screens cardboards, and early Egypt ians which is a series of wall reliefs and sculptures constructed from used boxes. He also made a lot of prints on silk where he made colorful silk walls and floor works. Rauschenberg later began to use his black and white photographs and was more recognized for the  ¼ Mile or Two Furlong Piece that was conceived to be the longest artwork in the world portraying his unique photographic techniques and horology of his imagery. Claes Oldenburg was born in Stockholm in 1929, but his family settled in Chicago in 1936.

Who Benefits from College Pressures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Who Benefits from College Pressures - Essay Example Those were: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure and self-induced pressure. For sure, those pressures haven’t become weaker today. Students differ, yet there have always been those highly motivated ones, doing their best in attempt to satisfy and exceed high academic standards. This group enhances college pressure, spreading it upon the rest of students. Young people all over the country courageously struggle through academic years gritting their teeth and suppressing their natural inclinations. All these sacrifices are done in the name of the golden calf and absurd ideas. However, it stays unclear, who benefits from this race. College pressures do more harm than good. Economic and parental pressures, being interrelated, are the major sources of students’ uneasiness. Today the USA goes through difficult economic conditions. Life is expensive and the competition in the society is as high as it has never been before. It is easy to get frightened about your future. Loving parents dream of the success of their children. They are ready to assist in achieving this success. Certainly, they expect their offspring to be grateful for this assistance, thus placing a heavy burden on the youth striving for freedom and self-realization. The puzzle seems simple: having graduated from a prestigious college and having got a prestigious profession, one finds himself on the top of life (or at least somewhere near it). Education costs ever more, and the young people, who are enrolled, feel an obligation to their parents. Many of them pursue the career chosen by their parents, while their own vocation is rejected as non-beneficial. Abandoned dreams do not disapp ear without leaving a trace. They continue disturbing one’s imagination and spirit. As the result, students follow the path chosen by others, feeling deeply unhappy and discontented. They realize that something is wrong but often cannot admit that they are lying to themselves.  Ã‚  

Prima facie Essay Example for Free

Prima facie Essay Introduction According to the article, Rhino poaching is in no way shown as moral. The ethical issues I see are that people are ignoring the fact that this horrible act is occurring and many people who do know about it won’t do anything about it, but are able to waste time watching pointless videos. The You Tube interventions took a moral approach to help with the petition. Although some were offended, the majority signed the petition and became more aware of the world around them. Utilitarianism When studying the supreme principle of morality as utility, we must first examine the definition of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism the effort to answer the question of man ought to do. For a utilitarian, the answer is simple: Act to produce the best consequences possible for the greatest number of people possible. In this, liberty and harm are treated as an equal. The end goal is to produce a general welfare or Arthur’s collective well- being. Jeremy Bentham, one philosophical view we examined defined utilitarianism as the ethical system that judges actions to be moral to the extent they maximize happiness, producing pleasures, and preventing pains. According to Bentham, there is a possibility of good and bad consequences however; preventing suffering is what matters through pleasure and the avoidance of pain. John Stuart Mill was a follower of Benthams, and he came up with the principle of utility. He stated that â€Å"Nature has places mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters† these masters are pain and pleasure. This is an experience based principle. We learn through experience that we are governed through pleasure and pain. According to Brandt’s view on utilitarianism, if all you do is add up numbers, there still a possibility of producing an immoral outcome. Singer’s principles also exemplified this. In the article â€Å"YouTube Interventions to Save the Rhino†, Utilitarianism is exemplified in that there was a greater outcome for a greater number of people. Sure, some were offended, however in the cases that the petition was signed, the rhinos and animal activists were impacted positively. Also, the new act allowing this method of communication will help when it come t other disastrous situations. Also, the whole world was able to be impacted. This effort had a mass effect on the petition. In the end, rhinos could be saved and a great idea was introduced, even the offended learned that their time was not being used effectively and therefore had somewhat of a positive outcome. Deontology In the study of deontology, we use Kant and Foot’s philosophical views. Deontology can be considered duty-based ethics, and reason alone should be used when finding the moral duty this concerns and reason in turn will cause a respect for rationality. Kant believed that morally you should act so that the maxim of your actions can and should be considered a universal law; morally you should have respect for human dignity. In this principle one should never for any reason intentionally harm someone who is believed to be innocent. Philippa Foot expands of Kant’s principle of hypothetical imperatives in an argument. She argues the Kant contrasts acting out of respect for moral law with acting from an alterior motive. Taking this into consideration she believes is crucial to shape Kant’s moral Philosophy. All in all, morality can only involve rational beings because only rationa l beings have the capacity to reason the way things are and should be and the ability to exercise freedom. Perfect categorical duties allow for no if’s and’s or but’s. Others are not, under any circumstances, to be used just as a means to acquire morality. In summary of this moral standing and the three forms of hypothetical morality according to Foot and Kant, â€Å"If you want x, you should do y, Because you want x you should do y, and because x is in your best interest, you should do y†. For Kant the second and third principles are one in the same. The article answers the supreme moral question â€Å"Did anyone use anyone merely as a means? † The answer is simply yes. The multiple videos that were altered were used as a means to get the communication across about animal poaching. The You Tube interventions had a positive outcome however in that a mass majority was made aware of what was going on in the world and how much time the viewers were actually wasting watching the highly viewed frivolous viral videos. Deontologists would agree with the interventions campaign. They wanted people to be aware of the issue of rhino poaching and wanted a petition signed so they included a link to the petition and urged people to sign it by noting that it wouldn’t take much time. They also wanted people to be aware that the silly videos were simply a waste of time and that was noted. Deontologists would have resolved these issues in a very similar manner because no one was hurt, they were just helped. Prima Facie Duties The prima facie duties introduced by W. D. Ross, a professor from Oxford University, argued that the right and the good are properties known intuitively and these duties may conflict holding only prima facie. There are no supreme principles involved. All focal points in the argument of what makes right acts right and wrong acts wrong are taken into account when looking into prima facie duty. Prima facie is judgment based on considered opinion. The article doesn’t really exemplify prima facie duties in that the article agrees completely with the study of deontology, and Ross argues with deontology. The duty to sign the petition however did arise from the obligation to save the rhino’s from poaching. This exemplifies the opinion Ross had on duty in itself. Conclusion I thought that the approach this article took was completely effective and I agree that the awareness of rhino poaching was done morally. When others want to make you aware of things like the animal fur industry, they walk down runways with imitation blood dripping from a fur coat. This was done in a way where most were not offended, a majority of people were impacted and action was taken. The petition was signed and an increase of 400% of the signatures was reached. I think that deontology supports the article the most. The x and y principles were exemplified as Foot and Kant had demonstrated. I think that all of the principles we studied in this section can be applied to the article. The article least agrees with prima facie ideas however. There are ways to apply it which I stated earlier in this essay. So what makes right acts right and wrong acts wrong? How many are influenced, how they are influenced, and act to include intent of agent and consent of person affected by act.

Physical Activity Recommendations for the Elderly

Physical Activity Recommendations for the Elderly Introduction Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1946). There are many factors which have an impact on health and quality of life, including lifestyle choices of each individual. Diets high in fruits and vegetables and participation in regular physical activity are associated with a lower risk for several chronic diseases and conditions (US department of health and human services, 2005). Physical inactivity is very common globally with 31% of adults over 15 years old being insufficiently active. Insufficient physical inactivity results in about 3.2 million deaths per year (WHO, 2008). Elder adults are generally more vulnerable to malnutrition. This is because both lean body mass and basal metabolic rate decrease with increasing age. It has been found that many diseases suffered by the older people are diet- related. Other factors contributing to malnutrition include dietary, psychosocial, physiological and economic changes (DiMaria-Ghalili, R. A., Amella, E., 2005). Global Recommendations on physical activity for 65 years and above according to the WHO Older adults should do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or do at least 75 minutes of vigorous intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity. Aerobic activity should be performed in bouts of at least 10 minutes duration. For additional health benefits, older adults should increase their moderate intensity aerobic physical activity to 300 minutes per week, or engage in 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity per week, or an equivalent combination of moderate-and vigorous-intensity activity. Older adults, with poor mobility, should perform physical activity to enhance balance and prevent falls on 3 or more days per week. Muscle-strengthening activities, involving major muscle groups, should be done on 2 or more days a week. When older adults cannot do the recommended amounts of physical activity due to health conditions, they should be as physically active as their abilities and conditions allow. Inactive people should start with small amounts of physical activity and gradually increase duration, frequency and intensity over time. Inactive adults and those with disease limitations will have added health benefits when they become more active. (WHO, 2011) Physical activity and bone loss Exercise plays an important role in building and maintaining bone and muscle strength. Physical activity positively influences most structural components of the musculoskeletal system that are related to functional capabilities and the risk of degenerative diseases. Physical activity also has the potential to postpone or prevent prevalent musculoskeletal disorders, such as mechanical low back pain, neck and shoulder pain, and osteoporosis and related fractures. Exercise can contribute to the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders and recovery from orthopedic surgery. Muscles and bones respond and strengthen when they are stressed. This can be achieved by weight bearing or impact exercises which make the bones denser. Physical activity helps prevent weak bones and falls in the elderly. One-third of people over 65 have a fall each year and the risk of falling increases as age rises. People who have suffered fractures can benefit from special exercises and training (under medical supervision) to improve muscle strength and muscle function for greater mobility and improved quality of life. Balance training and Tai chi have been shown to decrease falls by 47% and reduce the risk of hip fracture by approximately 25%. Physical activity and hypertension Hypertension is defined as the constant pumping of blood through blood vessels with excessive force (WHO, 2011). Hypertension prevalence increases with advancing age and is higher in men than in women until the age of 55 years, but is slightly higher in postmenopausal women (Kannel WB, 2003). According to the 2009 NCD report, 38.1% of Mauritian people aged 65 and older were considered as hypertensive but were not on medications. 45.5% were being treated for hypertension. Hypertension is the major risk factor for stroke, heart failure, and coronary artery disease in older adults, while all of these disorders are important contributors to mortality and functional disability. Primary hypertension is the result of multiple conditions, such as genetic, nutritional, psychosocial, and life style factors. One of the life style factors leading to hypertension is obesity, which is usually related to a sedentary life style and inadequate physical activity. Since most elderly people have an inactive routine, they are at a much higher risk of developing high blood pressure. Therapeutic lifestyle changes, such as reduced dietary sodium intake, weight loss, regular aerobic activity, and moderation of alcohol consumption, have been shown to benefit elderly patients with hypertension. Regular aerobic exercise, consisting of a minimum of 30 min of interval training on a treadmill done three times a week, has been shown to be well tolerated and beneficial (Westhoff TH et al., 2007). The physiological effects of exercise on hypertension are complex and not fully understood. Specific mechanisms have been found to be relevant. An immediate (acute) reduction in BP following exercise has been termed ‘post-exercise hypotension’ and is agreed to be caused by reductions in vascular resistance. (Hamer, 2006). The chronic benefits can be partially explained by a decreased systemic vascular resistance in which the autonomic nervous system and renin-angiotensin system are most likely the underlying regulatory mechanisms (Cornelissen and Fagard, 2005). Another factor contributing to this decrease in vascular resistance is the increase of nitric oxide production (from different sites in the body) causing a vasodilation in response to regular aerobic exercise. Physical exercise and diabetes Diabetes is a chronic disease, which occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. This leads to an increased concentration of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia). Diabetes is classified in three main categories: Type 1 diabetes (also known as insulin-dependent) Type 2 diabetes (also called non-insulin-dependent) Gestational diabetes 347 million people worldwide have diabetes (Danaei G et al., 2011). The prevalence of diabetes in adults aged 20-74 years was 21.3%: 21.9% in men and 20.6% in women (NCD report, 2009). Physical activity plays an important role in the management of type 2 diabetes, particularly glycemic control (Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee, 2003., Zinman B, et al., 2004., Boule NG et al., 2001., Ronnemaa T et al., 1986) and improvements in cardiovascular risk profile such as decreased hyperinsulinemia, increased insulin sensitivity, reduced body fat, decreased blood pressure and better lipid profiles (Lehmann R et al.,1997., Schneider SH et al.,1992). Regular moderate physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness are also associated with reductions in mortality of approximately 45 to 70% in type 2 diabetes populations (Wei M, Gibbons, et al., 2000) Moreover, regular moderate physical activity can decrease glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) to a level associated with reduced risk of diabetic complications (Boule NG et al., 2001) and is therefore favorably delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes in high-risk groups (Knowler WC et al., 2002., Lindstrom AM et al., 2003). The decline in insulin sensitivity with aging is relatively due to a lack of physical activity. It is likely that maintaining better levels of fitness in the older population will lead to less chronic vascular disease and an improved quality of life (ADA, 2004). Physical activity and obesity Obesity is defined as an unhealthy excess accumulation of fat in the body, which increases the risk if medical illness and premature mortality. It is due to an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Physical activity contributes to the creation of an energy deficit by increasing total energy expenditure, and this can promote weight loss. Aging is associated with a decrease in all major components of total energy expenditure (TEE) including resting metabolic rate (RMR; which accounts for ≈70% of TEE), thermic effect of food (which accounts for ≈10% of TEE), and physical activity (which accounts for ≈20% of TEE). Physical activity decreases with increasing age, and it has been estimated that decreased physical activity accounts for about one-half of the decrease in TEE that occurs with aging (Elia M, Ritz P, Stubbs RJ., 2000). Hormonal changes such as reduced responsiveness to thyroid hormone, decreased secretion of growth hormone, decrease in serum testosterone and resistance to leptin that occur during aging can also enhance the accumulation of fat ( American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005). Obesity is associated with a number of complications as decreased survival metabolic abnormalities high blood pressure insulin resistance dyslipidemia pulmonary abnormalities arthritis urinary incontinence cataracts cancer Moderate weight loss in conjunction with physical activity improves physical function and health-related quality of life in obese older persons. Physical activity and cardiovascular health A higher rate of cardiovascular events and a higher death rate have been observed in those individuals with low levels of physical fitness (Pate RR et al., 1995., US Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General, 1996). Even midlife increases in physical activity, through change in occupation or recreational activities, are associated with a decrease in mortality (Paffenbarger RS et al., 1993). Despite this evidence, however, the vast majority of adults remain effectively inactive. According to AHA, a sedentary lifestyle is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Evidence from many scientific studies shows that regular exercise decreases the chance of having a heart attack or experiencing another cardiac event, such as a stroke, and reduces the possibility of needing a coronary revascularization procedure (bypass surgery or coronary angioplasty). Benefits of regular exercise on cardiovascular risk factors include: Increase in exercise tolerance Reduction in body weight Reduction in blood pressure Reduction in bad (LDL and total) cholesterol Increase in good (HDL) cholesterol Increase in insulin sensitivity In addition, exercise training positively impacts the above risk factors even in patients older than 75 years (American Family Physician, 2005). There is also evidence that exercise training improves the capacity of the blood vessels to dilate in response to exercise or hormones, consistent with better vascular wall function and an improved ability to provide oxygen to the muscles during exercise. As one’s ability to transport and use oxygen improves, regular daily activities can be performed with less fatigue. This is particularly important for patients with cardiovascular disease, whose exercise capacity is typically lower than that of healthy individuals. Patients with newly diagnosed heart disease who participate in an exercise program report a more positive outlook in terms of quality of life, such as more self-confidence, lower stress, and less anxiety. Importantly, researchers have found that for heart attack patients who participated in a formal exercise program, the death rate is reduced by 20% to 25%. This is strong evidence in support of physical activity for patients with heart disease (Circulation, 2003). Physical activity and cancer The International Agency for Research on Cancer estimates that 25% of cancer cases worldwide are caused by obesity and a sedentary lifestyle. These factors may increase cancer risk by several mechanisms such as increased estrogens and testosterone, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, increased inflammation, and depressed immune function. Several studies have shown that physical activity and diet changes can alter biomarkers of cancer risk (Journal of Nutrition, 2007). There is strong epidemiologic evidence for reduced risk of some cancers with increasing physical activity. The strongest evidence exists for colorectal and postmenopausal breast cancer, with possible associations for prostate, endometrial, and lung cancer (Friedenreich CM, Orenstein MR., 2002). Types of physical activities There are 4 main types of physical activities namely aerobic, muscle strengthening, bone strengthening, and stretching and balance activities. (Dairy Council of California, 2014) (National heart, blood and lung institute, 2011). Aerobic activities also called cardiovascular exercises help improve the condition of lungs and heart, increase stamina, improve blood circulation and burn body fat. Such activities might include walking, jogging, bicycling, climbing stairs, walking on a treadmill, dancing, swimming or jumping rope. These types of activities help to raise your heart rate and increase your breathing for an extended period of time as well as decrease the blood pressure. Muscle strengthening increases the body metabolism by burning more calories after having stopped exercising. This is achieved by an increase in muscle mass. Muscle-strengthening activities improve the strength, power, and endurance of muscles. Doing pushups and sit-ups, lifting weights, climbing stairs, and digging in the garden are some examples. Strength training helps make bones stronger, improves balance and increases muscle strength. All of this helps prevent osteoporosis and lowers the risk of hip fractures from falls. Strength training has also been shown to lessen arthritis pain. Stretching helps to ease movement, improve flexibility and prevent muscle strain and injury. Stretching also helps to warm up the body and prepare for exercise. Balance activities help you maintain posture and balance to keep from falling. This is particularly important for the elderly who are at risk for bone fractures. Levels of physical activities by intensities Intensity refers to the rate at which the activity is being performed or the magnitude of the effort required to perform an activity or exercise (WHO, 2014). The levels of intensities of physical activities are usually expressed in METs, Metabolic Equivalents. MET is the ratio of a persons working metabolic rate relative to their resting metabolic rate. One MET is defined as the energy cost of sitting quietly and is equivalent to a caloric consumption of 1kcal/kg/hour. It is estimated that compared with sitting quietly, a persons caloric consumption is three to six times higher when being moderately active (3-6 METs) and more than six times higher when being vigorously active (>6 METs). One limitation to this way of measuring exercise intensity is that it does not consider the fact that some people have a higher level of fitness than others. Thus, walking at 3 to 4 miles-per-hour is considered to require 4 METs and to be a moderate-intensity activity, regardless of who is doing the activity whether a young marathon runner or a 90-year-old adult. Light-intensity activities require the least amount of effort, compared to moderate and vigorous activities. Light intensity activity is related to energy expenditure of less than 3 METs. It does not increase the heart rate. Moderate-intensity physical activity raises the heart rate, breathing rate and body temperature. During such type of activity, one can talk but not sing. The caloric consumption is from 3 to 6 METS. Vigorous intensity physical activity causes the greatest amount of oxygen consumption. It burns more than 6 METS. A person cannot utter more than a few words without gasping for breath. Examples of physical activities based on intensity Light Activity less than 3.0 METS* (less than 3.5 calories per minute) Moderate Activity less 3.0-6.0 METS* (3.5 – 7 calories per minute) Vigorous Activity greater than 6.0 METS* (more than 7 calories per minute) Casual Walking Bicycling less than 5 mph Stretching Sitting Light weight training Dancing slowly Leisurely sports (table tennis, playing catch) Floating Boating Fishing Golf—using cart Light yard/house work Occupations requiring extended periods of sitting Brisk walking (3 4.5 mph) Walking uphill Hiking Roller skating at leisurely pace Bicycling 5-9 mph Low impact aerobics Aqua aerobics Light calisthenics Yoga Gymnastics Jumping on a trampoline Weight training Moderate dancing Boxing—punching bag Most aerobic machines (e.g., stair climber, elliptical, stationary bike)—moderate pace Competitive tennis, volleyball, badminton, diving Recreational swimming Canoeing Horseback riding Golf—carrying clubs Housework that involves intense scrubbing/cleaning Shoveling snow Carrying a child weighing more than 50 pounds Occupations that require an extended amount of time standing or walking Race walking (more than 4.5 mph) Jogging/Running Wheeling a wheelchair Mountain climbing Backpacking Fast pace in-line skating Bicycling more than 10 mph High impact aerobics Step aerobics Vigorous calisthenics Karate, judo, tae kwon do, jujitsu Jumping rope, jumping jacks Circuit weight training Vigorous dancing Boxing—sparring Most aerobic machines (e.g., stair climber, elliptical, stationary bike)—vigorous pace Competitive basketball, soccer, football, rugby, kickball, hockey, lacrosse Swimming laps or synchronized swimming Treading water Water jogging Water polo Downhill or cross country skiing Pushing non-motorized lawnmower Occupations that require heavy lifting or rapid movement Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1999). Promoting physical activity. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Mars :: essays research papers

Mars is the fourth planet from the sun at about 228 million-km (141 million miles) and the last terrestrial planet from the sun. The next five planets in order from the sun are gaseous. Mars follows closely behind Earth but is comparatively smaller, with about half the diameter of Earth and about one-tenth of Earth’s mass. Thus the force of gravity on Mars is about one-third of that on Earth. Though it is much smaller, Mars does have the same surface land area as Earth. Other than Earth, Mars posses the most highly varied and interesting known terrain in our solar system. The surface of Mars is a very hostile place however it is more like Earth’s surface than any other planet in our solar system. Much of the Martian surface is rough and cratered, but expansive flat plains and smooth hills can also be found. Unlike any other planet, there is a striking difference between the northern and southern hemispheres of Mars; one is extremely rough and old while the other is young and relatively smooth. The southern hemisphere is strewn with ancient craters of all sizes and is also elevated by a several kilometers creating a visible boundary. On the opposite end the northern hemisphere consists of a wider variety of geological features, but is obviously smoother and much younger. There are large volcanoes, a great rift valley, and a variety of channels. Volcanism is a geological process that occurs on Earth today, and has on many planetary bodies throughout the history of the solar system. No volcanism is occurring on the surface of Mars today. In the past, however, volcanism was one of the main forces creating and reshaping the surface of the planet. All of the rocks that have been observed by the Viking landers and the Mars Pathfinder Rover are generally agreed to be volcanic in origin. Tharsis is the largest volcanic region on Mars. It is approximately four thousand kilometers across, ten kilometers high, and contains twelve large volcanoes. The largest volcanoes in the Tharsis region are four sheild volcanoes named Ascraeus Mons, Pavonis Mons, Arsia Mons, and Olympus Mons. The Tharsis Montes (Ascraeus, Pavonis, Arsia) are located on the crest of the crustal bulge and their summits are about the same elevation as the summit of Olympus Mons, the largest of the Tharsis volcanoes. While not the largest of the Tharsis volcanoes, Arsis Mons has the largest caldera on Mars, having a diameter of one hundred twenty kilometers!

Decision Making – Cost Accounting

Decisions Involving Alternative Choices Structure: 13. 1 Introduction Objectives 13. 2 Decision Making 13. 3 Types of Costs 13. 4 Types of Choices Decisions 13. 5 Make or Buy Decisions 13. 6 Addition / Discontinuance of a Product line 13. 7 Sell or Process Further 13. 8 Operate or Shut down 13. 9 Exploring New Markets 13. 10 Maintaining a desired level of profit 13. 11 Summary 13. 12 Terminal Questions 13. 13 Answers to SAQs and TQs 13. 1 Introduction In the previous unit we learnt about Marginal Costing.Marginal costing is the ascertainment of marginal cost and of the effect on profit of changes in volume by differentiating between fixed costs and variable costs. Marginal cost is the amount at any given volume of output by which aggregate costs are changed if the volume of output is increased or decreased by one unit. Marginal costing is a very useful tool for management because of its applications. It is used in providing assistance to the management in vital decision-making both s hort term and long term. Differential analysis is the process of estimating the consequences of alternative actions that a decision maker may take.It is used both for short term and long term decisions. Short term decisions relates to fixing price for the product, selecting a suitable product mix, diversification of the product etc while long term deals with capital budgeting decisions. Objectives After studying this unit, you should be able to:  · Explain the steps involved in decision making process  · Know various types of decision choices  · Analyze and interpret various decision choices 13. 2 Decision Making Decision making is the process of evaluating two or more alternatives leading to a final choice known as alternative choice decisions.Decision making is closely associated with planning for the future and is directed towards a specific objective or goal. Decision model contains the following decision-making steps or elements: 1. Identify and define the problem 2. Iden tify alternative as possible solutions to the problem. 3. Eliminate alternatives that are clearly not feasible 4. Collect relevant data (costs and benefits) associated with each feasible alternative 5. Identify cost and benefits as relevant or irrelevant and eliminate irrelevant costs and benefits from consideration. . Identify to the extent possible, non-financial advantage and disadvantage about each feasible alternative. 7. Total the relevant cost and benefits for each alternative 8. Select the alternative with the greatest overall benefits to make a decision 9. Implement or execute the decision 10. Evaluate the results of the decision made. 13. 3 Types of Costs A decision involves selecting among various choices. Non routine types of decisions are crucial and critical to the firm as it involves huge investments and involve much uncertainty.Short term decision making is based on relevant data obtained from accounting information.  · Relevant Cost are costs which would change as a result of the decision.  · Opportunity costs are monetary benefits foregone for not pursuing the alternative course. When a decision to follow one course of action is made, the opportunity to pursue some other course is foregone.  · Sunk costs are historical cost that cannot be recovered in a given situation. These costs are irrelevant in decision making.  · Avoidable costs are costs that can be avoided in future as a result of managerial choice.It is also known as discretionary costs. These costs are relevant in decision making.  · Incremental / Differential costs are costs that include variable costs and additional fixed costs resulting from a particular decision. They are helpful in finding out the profitability of increased output and give a better measure than the average cost. Self Assessment Questions: 1. Relevant Costs are costs which would _________as a result of the decision. 2. ___________ are historical cost that cannot be recovered in a given situation. 3.Opp ortunity costs are _________________for not pursuing the alternative course 4. ____________ is also known as discretionary cost. 13. 4 Types of Choices Decisions The application of incremental / differential costs and revenues for decision making is known as decision situations or types of choice decisions.  · Make or Buy decisions  · Selection of a suitable product mix  · Effect of change in price  · Maintaining a desired level of profit  · Diversification of products  · Closing down or suspending activities  · Alternative course of action  · Own or Lease  · Retain or Replace Change or Status quo  · Export or Local sales  · Expand or Contract  · Take or Refuse order  · Place special orders  · Select sales territories  · Sell at split-up point or process further. 13. 5 Make or Buy Decisions Make or buy decisions arise when a company with unused production capacity consider the following alternatives a) To buy certain raw materials or subassemblies from outside suppliers b) To use available capacity to produce the items within the company. c) The quality and type of item which affects the production schedule d) The space required for the production of item ) Any transportation involved due to the location of production facility f) Cost of acquiring special know how required for the item. Illustration 1: The Anchor Company Ltd produces most of its electrical parts in its own plant. The company is at present considering the feasibility of buying a part from an outside supplier for Rs. 4. 5 per part. If this were done, monthly costs would increase by Rs. 1,000 The part under consideration is manufactured in Department 1 along with numerous other parts. On account of discontinuing the production of this part, Department 1 would have somewhat reduced operations.The average monthly usage production of this part is 20,000 units. The costs of producing this part on per unit basis are as follows. |Material |Rs. 1. 80 | |Labour (half-hour) | 2. 40 | |Fixed overheads |0. 80 | |Total costs |5. 00 | Solution [pic] The company should continue the practice of producing the part in Department1. Illustration 2: ABC ltd plans utilize its idle capacity by making components parts instead of buying them from suppliers.The following are the data available for decision to make or buy: | |Unit cost | |Direct Material |12. 5 | |Direct Labour |8. 0 | |Variable manufacturing overhead |5. 0 | The company purchases the part at a unit cost of Rs. 30. The company has been operating at 75% of normal capacity. Fixed manufacturing cost is 17 lakhs. The cost to manufacture 50000 units is:    |Unit cost |Total cost | |Direct material |12. 5 |6,25,000 | |Direct labour |8. 0 |4,00,000 | |Variable manufacturing o/h |5. 0 |2,50,000 | |Total incremental cost |25. 5 |12,75,000 | |Cost to purchase part |30. |15,00,000 | |Net advantage in parts production |4. 5 |2,25,000 | Inference: The total incremental cost by producing the part in-house is Rs. 25 . 50 while the cost incurred on purchase of the part from suppliers is Rs. 30. 00. There is a clear advantage to the company to produce the part in-house. 13. 6 Addition or Discontinuance of a Product line or Process The decision to add or eliminate an unprofitable product is a special case of product profitability evaluation.When a firm is divided into multiple sales outlets, product lines, divisions, departments it may have to evaluate their individual performance to decide whether or not to continue operations of each of these segments. Illustration 3: The Hi-tech Manufacturing Company is presently evaluating two possible processes for the manufacture of a toy, and makes available to you the following information: |Particular |Process A |Process B | | |Rs. Rs. | |Variable cost per unit |12 |14 | |Sales price per unit |20 |20 | |Total fixed costs per year |30,00,000 |21,00,000 | |Capacity (in units) |4,30,000 |5,00,000 | |Anticipated sales (next year, in units) |4,00,000 |4,00,000 | You are required to suggest: ) Which process should be chosen? Substantiate your answer. ii) Would you change your answer as given above if you were informed that the capacities of the two processes are as follows: A 6, 00,000 units; B 5, 00,000 units? Why? Substantiate your answer. Solution Comparative Profitability Statement |Particular |Process A |Process B | | |Rs. |Rs. | |(i) Selling price per unit |20 20 | |Variable cot per unit |12 |14 | |Contribution per unit |8 |6 | |Total annual contribution (as per anticipated sales) |32,00,000 |24,00,000 | |Total fixed costs per year |30,00,000 |21,00,000 | |Total Income |2,00,000 |3,00,000 | |Process B may be chosen |   |   | |Total contribution (if utilized to present capacity and sold) |34,40,000 |30,00,000 | |Less : Fixed costs |30,00,000 |21,00,000 | |Total Income |4,40,000 |9,00,000 | |Process B may be chosen |   |   | |(ii) Total contribution (if capacity of A of 6,00,000 units and|48,00,000 |30,00,000 | |of B 5,00, 000 units) | | | |Less : Fixed costs |30,00,000 |21,00,000 | |Total Income |18,00,000 |9,00,000 | Process A may be chosen. Illustration 4: Addition of second shift Ulfa Ltd produces a single product in its plant. This product sells for Rs. 100 per unit. The standard production cost per unit is as follows: |Raw materials (5 kgs @ Rs. 8 |Rs. 40 | |Direct labour (2 hours @ Rs. ) |10 | |Variable manufacturing overheads |10 | |Fixed manufacturing overheads |20 | |   |80 | The plant is currently operating at full capacity of 1, 00,000 units per years on a single shift. This output is inadequate to meet the projected sales manager has estimated that the firm will lose sales of 40,000 units next years if the capacity is not expanded Plant capacity could be doubled by adding a second shift. This would require additional out-of-pocket fixed manufacturing overhead costs of Rs. 10,00,000 annually. Also, a night work wage premium equal to 25 per cent of the standard wage would have to be paid during the second shift.However, if annual production volume were 1,30,000 units or more, the company could take advantage of 2 per cent quantity discount on its raw material purchases. You are required to advise whether it would be profitable to add the second shift in order to obtain the sales volume of 40,000 units per year? Solution Decision analysis |Particulars |Profit without expansion |Profits with expansion | |Sales revenue |Rs. 1,00,00,000 |Rs. 1,40,00,000 | |Less: variable costs: |   |   | |Raw materials (Rs 39. 0 x 1,40,000) |40,00,000 |54,88,000 | |Direct labour |10,00,000 |15,00,000 | |Variable manufacturing overhead |10,00,000 |14,00,000 | |Contribution |40,00,000 |56,12,000 | |Less : fixed costs (Rs. 1,00,000 x 20) |20,00,000 |30,00,000 | |Net Income |20,00,000 |26,12,000 | Yes, it would be profitable to add the second shift as it would increase profits by Rs. 6, 12,000.Illustration 5: Assume a company is considering dropping product B from its line because acc ounting statements shows that product B is being sold at a loss. | | | |Product |A |B |C |Total | |Sales revenue |50,000 |7,500 |12,500 |70,000 | |Cost of sales: | | | | | |D. Material |7,500 |1,000 |1,500 |10,000 | |D.Labour |15,000 |2,000 |2,500 |19,500 | |Indirect manufacturing cost (50% of |7,500 |1,000 |1,250 |9,750 | |Direct labour) | | | | | |Total |30,000 |4,000 |5,250 |39,250 | |Gross margin On sales |20,000 |3,500 |7,250 |30,750 | |Selling & Admn |12,500 |4,500 |4,000 |21,000 | |Net income |7,500 |(1,000) |3,250 |9,750 | Additional information: a) Factory Overhead cost is made up of fixed cost of Rs. 5850 and variable cost of Rs. 3900. b) Variable cost by products are: A – Rs 3000, B – Rs 400 and C – Rs 500 c) Fixed costs and expense will not be changed if product B is eliminated d) Variable selling and administrative expenses are to the extent of Rs. 11000 can be traced to the product: A-Rs. 7,500; B- Rs. 1500 and C- Rs. 2000 e) Fixed selling and admn expense are Rs. 10000 Solution: [pic]If the sale of product B were discontinued, the marginal contribution would be lost and the net income would be reduced by Rs. 2,600. Assume that after dropping product B, the sales of product A increased by 10%. The total profit of the firm will not increase by this sales increase. Product A makes only a marginal contribution of 34% (17000/50000) |Sales revenue of Product A |50000 |100% | |Variable cost of Product A |33000 |66% | |Marginal contribution of Product A |17000 |34% | On additional sales of Rs. 5000 the marginal contribution would be Rs. 700 |Sales revenue 10% of 50000 |5000 | |Variable cost 66% |3300 | |Marginal contribution (34%) |1700 | This contribution is less than Rs. 2,600 now being realized on the sales of product B. it would take additional sales of product A of approximately Rs. 7,647 to equal the marginal contribution of Rs. 2,600 mow being made by product B: [pic]= Rs. 7,647 It is possible that dropping product B may res ult in reduction in some of the fixed costs. Products B now contributes Rs. 2,600 towards recovery of fixed costs and expenses. Only if the fixed costs and expenses can be reduced by more than this amount, it will be advisable to drop product B. 13. Sells or Process Further A firm is frequently faced with the problem of continuing with the existing policies or plans or change to new ones. Such change could be in the form of selling a partially processed product (semi finished) or process further. While taking a decision about such matters, the management must keep in mind the long term consequence and the interest of the firm. Illustration 6: A firm sells semi finished product at Rs. 9 per unit. The cost to manufacture the semi finished product is Rs. 6. Further processing can be done at an additional cost of Rs. 3 per unit and the final product can be sold at Rs. 15 per unit. The firm can produce 10,000 units.The analysis is shown below: |   |Sell |Process & Sell | |Sales revenu e (10,000 units) |Rs. 90,000 |1,50,000 | |Less : Manufacturing costs |60,000 |90,000 | |Profit |30,000 |60,000 | There is a net advantage of Rs. 30,000 in processing the product further. The market value of the partially processed product (Rs. 90,000) is considered to be opportunity cost of further processing. The figure of net advantage of Rs. 30. 00 can be arrived at in the following manner also: |Revenue from sale of final product (10,000 x 15) |   |Rs. 1,20,000 | |Less : Additional processing cost (10,000 x 3 ) |30,000 |   | |Revenues from sale of intermediate product |90,000 |1,20,000 | |Net advantage in further processing |   |Rs. 30,000 | 13. 8 Operate or Shutdown Various factors both external and internal affect the functioning of the firm. In such situations it becomes necessary for a firm to temporarily suspend or shutdown the activities of a particular product, department or a unit as a whole.Illustration 7: A company operating below 50% of its capacity expects tha t the volume of sales will drop below the present level of 10,000 units per month. Management is concerned that a further drop in sales volume will create a loss and has under consideration a recommendation that operation be suspended, until better market conditions prevail and also a better selling price. The present operation income statement is as follows: |   |Rs |Rs | |Sales revenue (10,000 units @ Rs. 3. 00) |   |30,000 | |Less : Variable costs @ Rs. 2. 0 per unit |20. 000 |   | |Fixed costs |10,000 |   | |Net Income |   |0 | Suggest the management at what point should the operation be suspended. The fixed cost remains only Rs 4000 if operation is shutdown. The following income statements have been prepared for sales at different capacities: [pic] It would appear that shutdown is desirable when the sale volume drops below 6,000 units per month, the point at which operating losses exceed the shutdown cost. 13. 9 Exploring New MarketsDecisions regarding entering new m arkets whether within the country or other the country should be taken after considering the following factors:  · Whether the firm has surplus capacity to meet the new demand?  · What price is being offered by the new market?  · Whether the sale of goods in the new market will affect the present market for the goods? Illustration 8: The following figures are obtained from the budget of a company which is at present working at 90% capacity and producing 13,000 units per annum. |   |90% |100% | | |Rs. |Rs. |Sales |15,00,000 |16,00,000 | |Fixed Expenses |3,00,500 |3,00,600 | |Semi- Fixed Expenses |97,500 |1,00,500 | |Variable Overhead Expenses |1,45,000 |1,49,500 | |Units made |13,500 |15,000 | Labour and material costs per unit are constant under present conditions. Profit margin is 10 per cent. a) You are required to determine the differential cost of producing 1,500 units by increasing capacity to 100 per cent. b) What would you recommend for an export price for these 1,500 units taking into account that overseas prices are much lower than indigenous prices? Solution |Basic Calculation: |Rs. | |Sales at 90% capacity 15,00,000 | |Less: Profit 10% |1,50,000 | |Cost of Goods sold |13,50,000 | |Less : Expenses (Fixed, semi-variable and variable) |5,43,000 | |Cost of Material and Labour |8,07,000 | |Labour and Material at 100% capacity = |Rs. 8,07,000 x 100/90 | |   |= 8,96,667 | Differential cost analysis can now be done as follows: Capacity levels |90% |100% |Different cost | |Production (Units) |13,500 |15,000 |1,500 | |Material and Labour |8,07,000 |8,96,667 |89,667 | |Variable overhead expenses |1,45,000 |1,49,500 |4,500 | |Semi-variable expenses |97,500 |1,00,500 |3,000 | |Fixed expenses |3,00,500 |3,00,600 |100 | |   |13,50,000 |14,47,267 |97,267 | a) Different Cost = Rs. 97,267 (Rs. 14,47,267 – 13,50,000) b) Minimum price for export = [pic]= Rs. 64. 84 per unit At this price, there is no addition to revenue; any price above Rs. 64. 84 per unit may be acceptable. Note: It has been presumed that i) No capital investment is necessary ii) No export charges are incurred and ii) The export price will have no effect on the home market where the product will continue to be sold at the old price. It has also been assumed that necessary precaution have been taken to ensure that the product is not ‘dumped back’. 13. 10 Maintaining a Desired level of profit When deciding between alternative courses of actions the criterion should be to select the project which yields the greatest contribution. Illustration 9: A company is considering expansion. Fixed costs amount to Rs. 4, 20,000 and are expected to increase by Rs. 1, 25,000 when plant expansion is completed. The present plant capacity is 80,000 units a year. Capacity will increase by 50 per cent with the expansion. Variable costs are currently Rs. 6. 0 per unit and are expected to go down by Rs. 0. 40 per unit with the expansion. The current selling price is Rs. 16 per unit and is expected to remain same under either alternative. What are the break- even points under either alternative? Which alternative is better and why? Solution [pic] The profitability after expansion is very good and hence it is better to expand. Illustration 10: Disposal of inventories ABC Ltd has on hand 5,000 units of a product that cannot be sold through regular sales. These were produced at a total cost of Re. 1, 50,000 and would normally have been sold for Rs. 40 per unit. Three alternatives are being considered. i. Sell the items as scrap for Rs. per unit ii. Repackage at a cost of Rs. 20,000 and sell them at Rs. 8 per unit iii. Dispose them off at the city dump at removal cost of Rs. 500. Which alternative should be accepted? Solution Exhibits the decision analysis [pic] Alternative II should be accepted. 13. 11 Summary  · Decision making is the process of evaluating two or more alternatives leading to a final choice known as alternative choice decisions. Decision making is closely associated with planning for the future and is directed towards a specific objective or goal.  · A decision involves selecting among various choices. Non routine types of decisions are crucial and critical to he firm as it involves huge investments and involve much uncertainty. Short term decision making is based on relevant data obtained from accounting information.  · Relevant Cost are costs which would change as a result of the decision.  · Opportunity costs are monetary benefits foregone for not pursuing the alternative course. When a decision to follow one course of action is made, the opportunity to pursue some other course is foregone.  · Sunk costs are historical cost that cannot be recovered in a given situation. These costs are irrelevant in decision making.  · Avoidable costs are costs that can be avoided in future as a result of managerial choice. It is also known as discretionary costs.These costs are relevant in decision making.  · Incremental / Differential costs are costs that include variable costs and additional fixed costs resulting from a particular decision. They are helpful in finding out the profitability of increased output and give a better measure than the average cost. 13. 12 Terminal Questions 1. Avon garments Ltd manufactures readymade garments and uses its cut-pieces of cloth to manufacture dolls. The following statement of cost has been prepared. |Particulars |Readymade garments |Dolls |Total | |Direct material |Rs. 80,000 |Rs. 6,000 |Rs. 6,000 | |Direct labour |13,000 |1,200 |14,200 | |Variable overheads |17,000 |2,800 |19,800 | |Fixed overheads |24,000 |3,000 |27,000 | |Total cost |1,34,000 |13,000 |1,47,000 | |Sales |1,70,000 |12,000 |1,82,000 | |Profit (loss) |36,000 |(1,000) |35,000 |The cut-pieces used in dolls have a scrap value of Rs 1,000 if sold in the market. As there is a loss of Rs. 1,000 in the manufacturing of dolls, it is suggested to discontinue their manufacture. Advise th e management. 2. The ABC Company Ltd produces most of its own parts and components. The standard wage rate in the parts department is Rs. 3 per hour. Variable manufacturing overheads is applied at a standard rate of Rs. 2 per labour – hour and fixed manufacturing overheads are charged at a standard rate of Rs 2. 50 per hour. For its current year’s output, the company will require a new part. This part can be made in the parts department without any expansion of existing facilities.Nevertheless, it would be necessary to increase the cost of product testing and inspection by Rs. 5,000 per month. Estimated labour time for the new part is half an hour per unit. Raw materials cost has been estimated at Rs. 6 per unit. The alternative choice before the company is to purchase part from an outside supplier at Rs 9 per unit. The company has estimated that it will need 2,00,000 new parts during the current years. Advise the company whether it would be more economical to buy or m ake the new parts. Would your answer be different if the requirement of new parts was only 1,00,000 parts? 13. 13 Answers to SAQ and TQs Answer to SAQ 1. Change 2 Sunk cost 3. Monetary benefits foregone 4. Avoidable cost Answers to TQs: . Discontinue manufacture of dolls | |Readymade garments |Dolls |Total | |Total cost |134000 |13000 |147000 | |Profit (loss) |36000 |(1000) |35000 | 2. Decision analysis : 200000 units – The company is advised to make the new part. The differential costs favouring the decision of making the component is Rs40000 Decision analysis : 100000 units – The company is advised to buy from an outside supplier. Total cost to manufacture 100000 units is Rs. 9,10,000.